With an overall survival of below 12 months, the outlook for patients suffering from relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (RR-AML) is very poor, making it critical to identify effective therapies for each patient. Over the past decade, we have developed an image-based drug screening approach (pharmacoscopy; PCY), which measures drug sensitivities directly in fresh patient samples to help identify effective individualized therapies for cancer patients. Previously, in two non-randomized proof-of-concept clinical studies, PCY has been shown to help identify treatments that lead to improved clinical responses in patients suffering from blood cancers. In this presentation, we will discuss the RAPID-01 trial, a randomized and controlled interventional clinical trial in which PCY is used to guide treatment selection for patients with RR-AML. The RAPID-01 trial is a highly innovative randomized and controlled Phase-2 in vitro diagnostic performance study, aiming to provide precision care for RR-AML patients in need. The ETH Zurich is the sponsor of the trial, with the University Hospital Zurich (USZ) as the lead clinical partner, and the Inselspital Bern as the second site currently recruiting patients. The RAPID-01 is helping to pave the way towards precision oncology in randomized controlled trials in Switzerland and beyond.