Liver cancer, known medically as Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), poses a major global health challenge and is intricately linked to metabolic disorders such as Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). NAFLD, a significant risk factor for liver cancer, is characterized by the accumulation of fat in liver cells, leading to potential cell death and ongoing inflammation. This can escalate to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis (extensive liver damage), and ultimately, liver cancer.
NAFLD not only contributes to the development of liver cancer but also affects its progression, possibly by influencing the tumor’s microenvironment. This environment is composed of various cells, including immune cells, blood vessels, lymphatics, and cancer-associated fibroblasts, all of which engage in complex interactions with the cancer cells. The behavior and response of immune cells in this environment are critical to understanding how liver cancer progresses and how it responds to treatment. Recent advances in research, especially detailed studies examining individual cells and comprehensive tissue analyses, have begun shedding light on these complex interactions. However, determining the exact mechanisms through which metabolic changes in NAFLD influence the immune environment and contribute to the progression of liver cancer remains a significant challenge.
